Joint replacement is a kind of orthopaedic surgery known for restoring
freedom of movement and eliminate the pain because of degenerated and
diseased joints. Hip and know replacement are the most common ones. Due
to technological advancements, now-a-days cementless implants are being
used for customized fitting to increase longevity. This surgery might
not last long and may need a second chance too.
There are various kinds of joint replacement surgeries:
- Total hip replacement
- Total knee replacement
- Total shoulder
replacement
- Total elbow
replacement
- Partial Knee
Replacement
- Wrist replacement
- Hand joint (small)
replacement surgery
- Ankle joint
replacement
- Minimally Invasive
Knee Replacement Surgery [MIKRS]
Arthroscopic surgeries are known as Keyhole surgeries as the incision
for the operation is the size of a small hole in the skin. This surgery
deals the operations of joints. Recovery in the case of this surgery is
much faster in comparison to the traditional surgery. Keyhole surgery
can be done in a number of body parts like shoulder, knee, wrist, ankle,
and so on. The most performed keyhole surgery is of the knee joints. For
a normal arthroscopic surgery, one has to stay in the hospital only for
a day or 2 but physical exercise after the surgery is extremely
important.
Arthroscopic surgery for problems in knee, shoulder, elbow and ankle,
deals with the following:
- Trauma and Fracture
surgery
- High quality Swiss
‘AO’ systems help stabilize fractures
- Image intensifier,
confirms perfect fracture fixations
- Fusion of joints
- Ilizarov and External
Fixation Device Management of open fractures
- Infected non-union of
long bones
- Limb lengthening
- Correction of
deformities
Spinal surgery includes operation of the degenerative, congenital
and developmental disorders of the spine. The complete spine surgery
program is a comprehensive interdisciplinary service that requires
orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologists, physical and
rehabilitation medicine and anesthesia. Technological advancements
in the field of medicine, along with traditional disc surgeries of
back and neck, microscopic surgeries, spinal tumors, endoscopic
spinal surgery and minimal surgeries are also being performed.
Spine surgery includes a number of things:
- Disc surgery Microsurgery
for disc Fixation systems for fractures
- Surgery for correction of
spinal deformities
- Surgery for spinal
tuberculosis
- Endoscopic spine surgery
Arthritis, is primarily used in describing any kind of wear of
cartilage with a number of symptoms like aches, pains and stiffness
in joints. Rheumatism is also used for pain in muscles and joints.
There are some other terms also used amongst the doctors:
- Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid
arthritis
- Infective arthritis
- Traumatic arthritis
Pediatric orthopedics deals in the treatment of every
musculoskeletal problem in children, which is inclusive of pediatric
trauma, metabolic diseases, congenital malformations, and genetic
abnormalities such as club foot, congenital dislocations,
pseudarthrosis, birth injuries and other congenital deformities.
Following are the included corrections:
- Congenital limb and spinal
deformity corrections
- Bone and joint infection
management
- Juvenile arthritis
management
Nowadays, ankle arthritis has become a common problem. The problem
is associated with severe pain and reduced functioning of the ankle.
Ankle arthrodesis, also known as ankle fusion, removes ankle bones
and then joins them together. The treatment not only alleviates the
ankle pain but also eliminates the motion problem of the ankle
joint. Thus, the best way to treat ankle arthritis is ankle
arthrodesis.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction is a type of
surgical tissue graft replacement. The treatment is suggested for
restoring the functioning of the knee after surgery. The method is
carried out on the anterior cruciate ligament. Though the recovery
time for ACL reconstruction is six weeks, it can still take a bit
longer. The recovery time clearly depends on the overall health and
age of the patient.
Carpal tunnel release is suggested to the patients experiencing
Carpal tunnel symptoms. This surgery includes cutting and opening of
transverse carpal ligaments which in return alleviates the severe
pain of the patient. The affected area takes time to heal after the
surgery. The reason for this is that the region remains painful and
numb for a few days.
Decompression posterior and fusion spine surgery is done to
eliminate a part of the bone over the disc material or nerve root.
This is in return makes more space at the nerve root. The main aim
of the surgery is to guarantee a better healing environment at the
nerve root. This surgery is carried out to aid patients in getting
relief from pain caused due to the pinched nerves, also known as
neural impingement.
Decompression posterior and fusion spine (level II) proceeds with
making a small incision of around 4 – 8 cm at the lower back. The
surgery is carried out to fuse lower back at two different levels of
the spine. The aim of the surgery is to decorticate transverse
processes and facet joints as well. In this method, bone grafts are
placed on the sides of the vertebrate.
Disc replacement (cervical/lumbar) one level is used as an
alternative to fusion. It is a type of weight-bearing implant. This
surgery guarantees controlled motion at level one. Also, the method
has many benefits. Longer implant stability through bone-in-growth
and ease in movement of lumbar bones and muscles are some of the
benefits.
Disc Replacement (Cervical/Lumbar) Two-Level is suggested for
patients suffering from symptomatic degenerative disc disease. The
surgery aids in correcting two adjacently injured cervical discs.
The main objective is to replace two problematic discs with two
artificial disc devices.
The best approach to address any kind of knee problem is Knee
arthroscopy. During the surgery, a small incision is made on the
knee. This is followed by inserting an endoscope with an attached
camera into the knee. Flexible knee movement post-surgery is ensured
by restoring the normal joint fluid. The recovery time of the knee
arthroscopy is six weeks.
A medical condition, Meniscectomy is associated with a torn meniscus
in the knee. For meniscus repair, the surgery is a must. The surgery
involves operating the torn meniscus and removing it to alleviate
the severe pain that the patient is enduring. This surgery is
usually performed on the young-age patients. Post the removal of the
torn meniscus, the affected area heals up with time. Knee joint
replacement is referred for the old-age patients in such cases.
TLIF or Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion is one to fuse the
posterior and anterior columns of the spine through spine approach.
After the surgery, improvement is apparent in almost 60 to 70
percent of the patients which is really recommendable. The minimally
invasive surgical technique is used in TLIF to fuse the bones and
helps the patient to recover fast.
Orthopaedic Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment
Benign Bone Tumor
Benign Bone Tumors (non- cancerous) does not spread to the other parts of the
body. These tumors may destroy the bone and surgical treatment is required in
order to remove the tumor and thereby restoring the bone health. Types of bone
tumors-
-
Benign Lesions
-
Unicameral Bone Cyst
-
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
-
Osteoblastoma
-
Enchondroma
- Unicameral Bone Cyst
- Giant Cell Tumor
- Osteoid Osteoma
- Fibrous Dysplasia
- Chondromyxoid Fibroma
- Osteochondroma
Malignant Bone Tumor
These cancerous tumors require an early treatment at the start of the disease.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the treatments required either before or after
the surgery. The aim of the surgery is to remove the entire diseased bone in
order to avoid amputation and thereby restoring the appearance and function of
the diseased area. Its types are-
- Malignant tumors of bone
- Osteosarcoma
- Metastatic Carcinoma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Ewing’s Sarcoma
- Metastatic Carcinoma
- Multiple Myeloma
Lesions of Joints
They generally occur in the form of capsules of joints like shoulder, foot, hip,
knee, elbow or wrist. These lesions can develop and harm or create pain in the
joint. The surgical procedure is done to remove the lesion of the joint and
thereby restoring the health and function of the diseased area. Its types are-
- Tenosynovial Giant Cell Lesion
- Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
- Synovial Chondromatosis
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
These tumors mostly arise either in fat or muscle and not in the bone. They can
be both malignant or benign. These tumors are rare and generally develops in the
pelvic area or in the limbs. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the two
treatments available that are done either before or after the surgery. The types
are-
- Malignant soft tissue lesions
- Liposarcoma
- Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Fibrosarcoma
- Synovial cell sarcoma
Bone Cancer Treatment
It is a serious condition where there is a growth of abnormal cells in the bone
that could be benign or cancerous. The abnormal growth usually occurs in the
areas of fast growth and the reason of this bone tumor is still unknown.
Probable causes could be trauma and radiation or inherited mutations. In most
cases no particular reason is found for this cancerous condition.
Types of Bone Tumor
Giant Cell Tumor
This tumor is made up of a great number of non-cancerous cells
that forms an aggressive tumor. The tumor generally occurs near
to the end of the bone and close to a joint. The knee is the
location of a tumor but it can also include flat bones like
breastbone (sternum) or pelvis, or the bones of the legs and
arms. The giant cell tumor is usually covered by new bony
growth.
Chondroblastoma
This tumor is of the rare type and affects people of every age.
It is generally found in the epiphyses of long bones before the
closure of epiphyseal. The Chondroblastoma accounts for five
percent of benign bone tumors and is found in the centers of
ossification. The tumors are probably found in the humerus,
further in the femur and lastly in the tibia. The tumor of
Chondroblastomas can be found in union with the aneurismal bone
cysts.
Enchondroma
This tumor initiates from the cartilage and is of the type of
non-cancerous bone tumor. Cartilage is found in the adults and
is a type of stringy connective tissue from where most bones
build up. Enchondroma tumor largely affects the cartilage that
outlines in the bones.
Osteochondroma
Osteochondroma ( osteocartilaginous exostoses) is a tumor where
there is an overgrowth of bone and cartilage close to the end of
the bone near the growth plate. Osteochondroma mostly affects
the long bones in the scapula, leg or the pelvis.
Bone Grafts
It transplants the bone tissue and the bone grafts are used to rebuild and repair the diseased bones in knees, spine, hips and at times in other joints and bones. The bone loss that has been caused by cancers or fractures can also be repaired with bone grafts. When the body grafts are accepted by the body then it helps in providing the growth of new living bone. When the bone graft (transplanted) comes from the other person then it is termed as an allograft. While in autograft, the bone comes from either from leg, hips or ribs.
Robotic Surgery
Robotic surgery is a new and minimally evasive procedure used for treating the cancer. This surgery is more precise surgery as compared with standard laparoscopy and open surgeries. By using this surgery, the patients can get more accurate and precise results of the troubled region which also result in decreased blood loss. Robotic surgery uses customized treatments which are held by a robotic arm and the procedure needs small incisions that can lessen the trauma to the tissues. The procedure is very safe and involves less pain and complications. The recovery period is also faster and requires a short stay at the hospital.